When I was at school we learned about serfdom as a system that faded away during the middle ages. However in eastern Europe, in the areas east of the Elbe River, there was a so-called "second serfdom," which lasted into the 19th century. If your ancestor was a farmer or peasant (Bauer) in this area, they lived under this feudal system.
Serfs were "attached to the land." They were not free to leave. They had numerous obligations to their lord, including duties to work without pay for a certain number of days, and to give part of their crops to their master.
Estate records kept lists of the serfs and the duties they owed. If these records still exist for your ancestor's village you should be able to find interesting facts about their life, telling you details you won't find in church books.
In Prussia serfdom formally ended in 1810. "From St Martin's day 1810 there will only be free people." In reality it took several decades to make the transition. Abolishing the various feudal obligations generated a lot of paperwork, giving another place to look for your relatives.
I will talk about where to look for estate records, both online and in archives. I will give examples of the sort of records I have found for my own family.
I grew up in England and Scotland, studied physics at Cambridge University, and worked in Germany for 14 years. (I was in Berlin when the Wall fell). In 2002 I returned to England, to teach at the University of Liverpool. I semi-retired in 2025.
I have been researching my family's genealogy since the mid 1980s. My father's family were from the east of Pomerania (now in Poland). My mother's family were from Volhynia, and before that from the Prussian and Russian partitions of Poland.


